(1) Description of the motility of entire cells. Cellular swimming: bacteria, flagellates, ciliates. Cellular crawling: amoebas, protozoa, cells of higher organisms. Cytoskeleton as the molecular basis of cell structure and movement. (2) Types and order of magnitude of forces in the world of cells and macromolecules. Viscoelasticity, thermal forces, diffusion. Introduction to polymer mechanics. Structural and mechanical properties of cytoskeletal filaments. Types of deformations, rigidity. (3) Polymerization and depolymerization forces. Motor proteins myosins. The mechanochemical cycle of myosin. Unit forces and steps of motor proteins: measurement methods, processivity. (4) Molecular basis of muscle contraction. Mechanical interactions of cells with the environment and within multicellular organisms. Intermediate filaments. (5) Structure and function of the actin cytoskeleton. Roles of actin cytoskeleton proteins: polymerization, depolymerization, cross-linking, interaction with membranes. (6) Signaling pathways that regulate the structure and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. Small Rho GTPases. (7) Processes dependent on the actin cytoskeleton: cell migration, phagocytosis, cytokinesis, adhesion. (8) The role of the actin cytoskeleton in the development of diseases: tumors and metastases, diseases of the muscular system, congenital diseases. (9) Structure of microtubules. Tubulin - the building element of microtubules. Mechanisms of polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules - dynamic instability of microtubules. (10) Mitotic spindle. Dynamics of microtubules in the formation of the mitotic spindle. Regulation of microtubule dynamics. Post-translational modifications of tubulin. (11) Proteins that interact with microtubules. Motor proteins - kinesins and dynein. Non-motor binding proteins. The role of motor and binding proteins in the formation and maintenance of the mitotic spindle structure. (12) Microtubules in neurons as information carriers. Dynamics of microtubules in axons and dendrites. The role of motor proteins in the transport of presynaptic vesicles. (13) Structure and mechanics of cilia and flagella. (14) Diseases of the microtubule cytoskeleton: ciliopathies, neurodegenerative diseases: Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Aneuploidy. The role of microtubules in carcinogenesis. Therapeutic strategies based on the cytoskeleton. (15) Consultations with lecturers.
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