COURSE OBJECTIVES:
Mastery of the basic knowledge of petrology of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks required to obtain a Bachelor's degree in Environmental Science. Training in the identification, classification and basic interpretation of the genesis of the most common igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Students will acquire the skills necessary for independent laboratory and classroom work, including the use of a polarising microscope, fieldwork techniques and a foundation for successful attendance in graduate level courses.
Based on an understanding of various rock features, students will be able to interpret geological processes that occurred during rock formation, reconstruct features of past environments, and draw conclusions about the nature of source regions in the context of plate tectonics. In addition, students gain an insight into the processes that influence the final appearance and composition of rocks.
COURSE CONTENT:
1. Petrogenic minerals, igneous textures and structures, modes of occurrence and crystallization of igneous rocks. Intrusive, dike, effusive and pyroclastic rocks. Internal structure, mineralogical and chemical composition of the Earth. Variation diagrams, igneous series. Classification and systematics of igneous rocks. Volcanism;
2. Origin, genesis, and evolution of magma. Magmatic crystallization, magma differentiation, magmatic stages. Associations of igneous rocks within plate tectonic settings. The mantle, sources of mantle-derived materials, magmatism at active and passive continental margins;
3. Igneous rocks at divergent plate boundaries, continental rifts, oceanic crust, intraplate volcanism, hotspots;
4. Igneous rocks at convergent plate boundaries, island arcs, ophiolites. Continental collision zones, granites;
5. Metamorphism, boundaries of metamorphism, controlling factors, metamorphic grade. Types and classifications of metamorphism. Prograde and retrograde metamorphism;
6. Types of protoliths and chemical composition of metamorphic rocks. Typomorphic minerals, metamorphic textures and structures, modes of occurrence, classification of metamorphic rocks;
7. Influence of pressure, temperature, and fluids on the development of metamorphic mineral parageneses and the assemblage of metamorphic rocks. Index minerals, metamorphic zones, isograds, facies, and metamorphic facies series. Contact, cataclastic, regional, seafloor, burial, impact, and polyphase metamorphism;
8. Geotectonic control of metamorphism. Stable mineral assemblages, principles of metamorphic age determination;
9. Concepts of sedimentology. Standard field and laboratory methods. Chemical and mechanical weathering. Products of weathering and formation of new minerals. Dissolved load. Influence of climate, topography, substrate, and vegetation. Soil formation, paleosols;
10. Erosion, transport, and deposition. Fluid properties. Transport by fluids and material selection:
a) Bedload transport and deposition of gravel and sand. Fluid/sediment interactions. Bedform development as a function of hydrodynamic factors, water depth, and grain size; b) Suspended load transport and deposition. Gravity-driven flows. Rheological properties, mechanisms of particle support and deposition. Types of gravity flows;
11. Primary sedimentary textures and their interpretation. Erosional textures, post-depositional (diagenetic) textures, biogenic structures. Paleocurrent analysis;
12. Clastic sediments: a) Sandstones, conglomerates, breccias. Structures and interpretation of structural parameters, textural maturity. Composition: terrigenous siliciclastic components (Qt ? monocrystalline and polycrystalline quartz, F ? feldspars, L ? lithic fragments, heavy minerals, other detrital components). Matrix issue. Compositional maturity. Main types and origins of sandstones and conglomerates. Petrofacies. Provenance indicators and their relation to plate tectonic setting. Diagenetic processes and environments. Modification of primary composition. Changes in primary porosity and permeability, and their influence on reservoir properties. Sand and gravel bodies. Depositional environments.; b) Fine-grained clastics: textures, structures, composition. Organic matter in black shales. Diagenesis. Types of fine-grained clastics. Depositional environments. Marls; c) Volcaniclastic rocks. Epiclastic volcanogenic sediments. Diagenesis and geological significance;
13. Carbonate sediments:
Mineralogy. Limestones: skeletal and non-skeletal components, carbonate mud (micrite) ? modes of formation. Microbial processes and products. Structures. Classification principles. Sedimentary textures specific to limestones. Depositional environments: shallow marine, deep marine, terrestrial. Marine, meteoric, and burial diagenesis. Neomorphism, dolomitization, dedolomitization, silicification;
14. Evaporites: Mineralogy. Depositional environments. Resedimentation, recrystallization, dissolution, replacement. Evaporite sequences.
-Cherts: Petrology. Biogenic cherts derived from siliceous plankton. Inorganic cherts.
-Phosphorites: Mineralogy. Phosphorus as a nutrient. Early diagenetic origin of marine phosphorites ? depositional environments. Resedimented phosphorites, bone breccias, guano.
-Iron and manganese deposits: Physicochemical and biological factors of precipitation.
-Organogenic sediments: Coal: coal petrology, coalification stages, occurrence and depositional settings. Oil shales, organic matter evolution, kerogen, petroleum, natural gas.
Bauxites and laterites: mineralogy, modes of occurrence, genesis;
15. Sediments in human life and activity: construction, environmental protection, sediments as raw materials, sediments as hosts of economically important raw materials.
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