1. komponenta

Lecture type	Total
Lectures	60
Practicum	60

* Load is given in academic hour (1 academic hour = 45 minutes)

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1. Acquiring conceptual understanding of prokaryotic cell structure and function through the ability of recognising main characteristics that distinguish prokaryotic life from the eukaryotic one and grouping them in smaller taxa.
2. Gaining insights into diversity of prokaryotic life by differentiating their cell structure, physiological principles and preferable environmental conditions.
3. Understanding the importance of viruses and their roles in the biosphere through analysing their structure, replication cycles, interactions with the hosts and the environment.

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
This comprehensive course aims to familiarize students with the basics of bacteriology and virology, the principles and molecular basis of their functioning, roles in the biosphere and their role in the development of biological concepts. The practical part, through learning the basic methods of bacteriology and virology, provide students with skills for laboratory work with bacteria and viruses and improves the generic molecular biology laboratory skills.

COURSE CONTENT:

LECTURES
Bacteriology
1) Introduction to microbiology ? importance and historical development of microbiology/bacteriology;
2) Properties of bacterial and archaeal cells (morphology, structure);
3) Surface structures of bacterial cells: membrane, cell wall types, peptidoglycan;
4) Internal structures of bacterial cells: nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes, inclusions, endospores;
5) Physiology and metabolism of bacteria; photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, evolutionary and ecological significance of cyanobacteria; bacterial toxins,
6) Division, growth and cultivation of bacteria and archaea
7) Bacterial ecology and environmental microbiology; microbial interactions;
8) The role of bacteria in biogeochemical cycling;
10) Human microbiome and microbiota; human - microbiome interactions
11) Microbiology of food; Fermentation, significance for bacteria, significance for humans;
12) Industrial microbiology and biotechnology
13) Pathogenicity of microbes; basic knowledge about bacterial infectious diseases, bacterial enzymes;
14) Basics of molecular biology and genetics related to bacteria and archaea (evidence of the role of DNA, recombination, conjugation, transduction, replication and expression of bacterial genomes)
15) Microbial DNA technologies; Archaea, the role of prokaryotes in the evolution of eukaryotes;

Virology
1) The development of the virus concept through history and the definition of a virus (with examples from minute to giant viruses);
2) The importance of virus research in biology (viruses as disease agents, environmental, ecological and evolutionary factors, viruses in biotechnology and structural biology);
3) Methods in virus research (cultivation, visualization, purification, quantification of viruses);
4) Virion constituents and their roles depicted through examples of simple and complex viral particles;
5) Subviral pathogens, their types and basic features, examples of diseases with subviral aetiology;
6) Phases of viral cycles: adsorption, penetration, synthesis of virion constituents;
7) Phases of viral cycles: strategies of viral genome transcription and translation, virion assembly and exit from cells;
8) Viruses as specialized parasites of different cell types: bacteriophages, animal, plant and other viruses;
9) Mutations and other evolution mechanisms of viruses-examples of slow and fast evolving viruses;
10) Biological basis of viruses: influenza;
11) Biological basis of viruses: polio, types of virus vaccines;
12) Retroviruses, AIDS;
13) Oncogenic viruses;
14) Interferon, antiviral chemotherapeutics;
15) Taxonomy of viruses, emerging viruses.

LABORATORY EXCERCISES
Bacteriological laboratory
1) Bacterial cell types;
2-4)Techniques of staining and microscopy of bacterial cells;
5-6) Isolation of bacteria from different substrates;
7-10) Cultivation of bacteria on artificial media;
11-15) Determination of bacterial physiological processes;
Virology laboratory
1) Plant virus cultivation methods;
2) Bacteriophage cultivation;
3-4) Cultivating animal viruses in chiken embrionated eggs;
5-6) Virus symptoms (cellular and whole organism level);
7-8) Serological methods in virus research;
9-11) Virus partial purification methods;
11-12) Virus complete purification methods;
13-15) Virus purity and concentration analyses.

1. Stilinović B., Hrenović J., Praktikum iz bakteriologije (2009), Stilinović Božidar, Hrenović Jasna, Kugler, Zagreb, 2009.
2. Juretić N., Osnove biljne virologije (2002), Nikola Juretić, Školska knjiga Zagreb, 2002.
3. Carter J.B, Saunders V.A. Virology, Principles and Applications (2nd ed.), Carter John B., Saunders Venetia A., Wiley, 2013.
4. Prescott's Microbiology, 12th Edition, Wiley j, Sandman K, and Wood D, McGraw-Hill, Boston, USA, 2022.
5. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P., Klein, D.A., 1996: Microbiology. WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston.
   Atlas, R. M., 1997: Principles of Microbiology. WBC McGraw-Hill, Boston.
   Nester, E. W., Anderson, D. G., Roberts, C. E., Pearsall, N. N., Nester, M. T., 2001: Microbiology. McGraw-Hill, Boston.
   Matthews, R. E. F., 1991: Plant Virology, 3rd izd. Academic Press, NY, 835 str.
   Cann, A. J., 2005: Principles of Molecular Virology. 4th izd. Academic Press, NY, 332 str.
   Poglavlja iz specijaliziranih udžbenika i izvorni znanstveni članci prema odabiru nastavnika.
6. Strauss J. H. & Strauss E. G. Viruses and Human Disease. 2nd edition, 2008, Academic Press.
   Poglavlja iz specijaliziranih udžbenika i izvorni znanstveni članci prema odabiru nastavnika.
7. Flint S. J., Enquist L. W., Racaniello V. R., Skalka A. M., Principles of Virology (3rd edition), ASM Press, Washington DC, USA.
8. Presečki i sur., Virologija (2003), Odabrana poglavlja, Presečki Vladimir i suradnici, Medicinska naklada, Zagreb, 2003.
9. Prescott's Microbiology, 11th Edition, Wiley J, Sherwood L and Wolwerton C, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2019.
10. Prescott's Microbiology, 10th Edition, Wiley J, Sherwood L and Wolwerton C, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2017.
11. Prescott's Microbiology, 9th Edition, Wiley J, Sherwood L and Wolwerton C, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2014.

Enrollment :
Passed : Cell Biology

Mandatory course - Regular study - Molecular Biology