1. komponenta

Lecture type	Total
Lectures	30
Seminar	30

* Load is given in academic hour (1 academic hour = 45 minutes)

COURSE CONTENT
Atmosphere:
1. Division and composition of the atmosphere, atmospheric tides, anthropogenic influences on the atmosphere.
2. Energy of solar and Earth's radiation, atmospheric counter-radiation.
3. Heating and cooling of land, sea and air. Phase changes of water matter, physics of clouds and precipitation.
4-5. Pressure field and air movement; gas equation; hydrostatic equilibrium; wind; vortex systems; general atmospheric circulation.
6. Methods and standards of meteorological measurements.
7. Basics of weather forecasting.
Sea:
8. Properties of the sea and movement in the sea - overview.
9-10. Measuring instruments: "in-situ" and remote sensing.
11. Salinity: moisture exchange at the atmosphere/sea boundary, salinity distribution. Temperature: heat exchange between the atmosphere and the sea, temperature distribution. Pressure, density, water masses; mixing; advection/convection.
12. Circulation in the seas and oceans; geostrophic currents, wind currents (Ekman spiral), thermohaline currents.
13. Wind waves, tsunamis, seiches, inertial oscillations, Rossby waves.
14. Tides: causal force, description of the phenomenon, elementary dynamics. Storm surges: influence of air pressure and wind on movement in the coastal area. Seasonal oscillations.
Atmosphere-sea system:
15. Climate fluctuations, El Nino, Atlantic-Europe connection. Climate change, astronomical cycles, anthropogenic effects.

1. Obavezna literatura:
   1. Open University Course Team, 2001: Ocean Circulation, 2nd Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 286 pp.
   2. Open University Course Team, 1995: Seawater: Its Composition, Properties and Behaviour, 2nd Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 166 pp.
   3. Open University Course Team, 2002: Waves, Tides and Shallow-Water Processes, 2nd Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 227 pp.
   4. Penzar, I., Penzar, B., 1989: Agroklimatologija (drugo izdanje). Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 274 pp.
   Znanstveni radovi (za pripremu seminara)
   
   Dopunska literatura:
   Penzar, B. i suradnici, 1996: Meteorologija za korisnike. Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 274 pp.
   Penzar B., Penzar, I., Orlić, M., 2001: Vrijeme i klima hrvatskog Jadrana. Nakladna kuća "Feletar", Zagreb, 258 pp.
   Mala internet škola oceanografije (http://skola.gfz.hr).
   Vrijeme i klima hrvatskog Jadrana (http://jadran.gfz.hr)
2. Ahrens, C.D., 2011: Essentials of Meteorology: An Invitation to the Atmosphere 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, USA, 528 str.

Enrollment :
Attended : Climatology

Mandatory course - Regular study - Environmental Sciences