COURSE OBJECTIVE:
The objective of the course is to enable students to understand the physiological mechanisms in living animals, from the molecular level to the level of the whole organism.
COURSE CONTENT:
LECTURES
1) Introduction to physiology: historical review of physiological discoveries; animal physiology as a scientific discipline; organizational levels of the living organisms; integrativity, homeostasis and control systems;
2) Basics of the cell physiology: water and biomacromolecules; cell energetics;
3) Membranes: structure and function of the membrane; movement of particles in a solution; mechanisms of transport over the cell membrane;
4) Communication among cells and tissues: physical communication - extracellular matrix, adhesion molecules, cell junctions; chemical communication - endocrine cells and hormones, neural cells and neurotransmitters;
5) Reception of the external stimuli: mechanism of the stimulus reception; transformation of the received stimulus into neural information; grouping of receptors with respect to the energy of activation - location and function;
6) The nervous system: evolution of the nervous system; structure and development of the nervous system in vertebrates; functional organization of the nervous system;
7) The endocrine system: the hypothalamus-pituitary-endocrine gland axis (HPE); structure and hormones of the pituitary gland; endocrine glands that are regulated by HPE axis; endocrine glands that are not regulated by HPE axis;
8) Muscles and movement: Kinetic molecules and their evolution; muscle structure; How do the action potentials cause muscle contraction? Types of contraction and muscle mechanics; muscle metabolism; aerobic vs. anaerobic muscle energetics.
9) Heart: The structure of mammalian heart; generation of electrical impulses and the heart conduction system; cardiac cycle; electrocardiogram; heart volumes and their significance; regulation of the stroke volume; oxygen consumption by heart; fish hearts; amphibian heart; reptile hearts; monitor and crocodilian heart; fetal heart and circulation.
10) Vascular systems and blood flow: Physics of blood flow; general function of vascular system; arteries as blood pressure buffer and reservoir; arterioles and the regulation of blood flow; capillaries and microcirculation; distribution of water between capillaries and interstitial fluid; lymph and the lymphatics; veins: the blood reservoir; active distribution of blood in the vascular system; hemorrhage and the cardiovascular control; heart failure.
11) Blood and the immune system: Functions of the blood; the components of blood and their functions; regulation of hematopoiesis; blood groups; bllod clotting; immunity and the immune system; the immune response; basic principles of the immune reactions;
12) Breathing and the gas exchange: Why do we breathe? Physics of the gasses; basic principles of breathing and the gas exchange: lungs and gills; respiration pigments; Bohr, Haldane and Root effects of hemoglobins; dynamics of gas exchange in lungs and tissues; mammalian lungs; respiratory pressures and the mechanics of breathing; lung volumes; lung circulation and its regulation; alveolar perfusion and shunts; gill physiology; mechanics of gill respiration; regulation of respiration: primary and secondary chemoreceptors; hyperventilation and shallow water blackout syndrome.
13) Osmoregulation: Ionic distribution in the body and the need for its regulation; osmoregulators and osmoconformers; osmoregulatory organs (gills; salt glands, Malpighian tubules); mammalian kidneys; physiology of nephons and urine concentrating mechanisms; renin - angiotensin - aldosterone axis; ADH and water retention; acid-base balance and its physiological principles.
14) Digestion: Why do we eat? The structure and evolution of the digestive systems; basic physiology of the gut; digestion in mouth, stomach, duodenum and the intestines; gastrointestinal hormones and the regulation of digestion; digestion of cellulose: digastric stomachs; cellulose fermentation in cecum; apsorption of the nutrients; defecation.
15) How is reproduction regulated? Male and female repruductive organs and their evolution; hormonal regulation of reproduction in males and females; the menstrual cycle and its hormonal regulation; regulation of fertility; pregnancy and its regulation; final stages of pregnancy: labor.
LABORATORY EXERCISES
1) Nerves and nerve impulse conduction (computer simulation and the prepared frog sciatic muscle);
2) Muscle physiology (computer simulation and the prepared frog gastrocnemius muscle);
3) Cardiovascular physiology (computer simulation and BIOPAC Systems Student Lab);
4) Blood pressure and ECG (BIOPAC Systems Student Lab);
5) Principles of working with the laboratory animals (live laboratory animals);
6) Membrane physiology (computer simulation);
7) Blood counts (laboratory animals, commercial microscory slides);
8) Comparative hematology (commercial microscopy slides);
9) Hematological indexes (laboratory animal blood);
10) Respiratory physiology (computer simulation and BIOPAC Systems Student Lab);
11) Renal physiology (computer simulation);
12) Final test of physiology laboratory..
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Principles of Animal Physiology 3rd ed., This textbook is designed to provide second- and third-year, undergraduate university students enrolled in animal physiology courses with an approach that balances its presentation of comparative physiology with mechanistic topics (ISBN 978-0-321-83817-9), Christopher D. Moyes, Patricia M. Schulte, Pearson Canada, Toronto, Ontario, CA, 2021.
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Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, 9th ed, This textbook helps students appreciate the integrated functioning of the human body. The author uses clear, straightforward language, analogies, and frequent references to everyday experiences to help students learn and relate to physiology concepts., Lauralee Sherwood, Cengage Learning, Boston, MA, USA, 2016.
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Human Physiology - An Integrated Approach, 8th ed., This textbook helps to construct a global view of the body, its systems, and the many processes that keep the systems working. It encourages students to develop skills in analyzing and synthesizing physiological information., Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Pearson Education, Harlow, UK, 2019.
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