COURSE OBJECTIVES:
The aim of the Animal structure and function course is to acquire the basic theoretical and practical knowledge necessary to compare the structure and function of animal organisms and to connect the anatomical and morphological characteristics of animals with their life processes and the ecological conditions in which they live.
COURSE CONTENT:
LECTURES
1) Zoology and its main areas. Functional and structural characteristics of animal organisms. Basic principles of anatomy and morphology of animals, promorphology - plan of animal body structure, metamery;
2-3) Basic principles of animal classification, systematics, cladistics, taxonomy and phylogeny. Zoological nomenclature, Linnaeus. Species, population, speciation, isolation mechanisms, reasons for variability and similarities of animal organisms;
4) Characteristics and theories of the origin of Metazoa. Embryonic development of Eumetazoa and the formation of body cavities and germinal layers. Heterotrophic protists in understanding the evolution of certain tissues and organs of Metazoa;
5-8) Distribution and systematics of animals - Metazoa: Parazoa and Eumetazoa: Radiaria and Bilateria: Protostomia and Deuterostomia;
9) Structure and function of organs and organ systems in animals and their development, structural and functional evolution of different organ systems; Integumentary system: role, lipoprotein double layer membrane, pellicle, epidermis, glands, cuticle, pigmentation, squamous tissues; Skeletal system: role, hydroskeleton, exoskeleton, endoskeleton;
10) Muscular system: ways of moving in animals, cytoskeleton, amoeboid movement, cilia and flagella, muscle tissue, structural and functional characteristics of smooth, striated and cardiac muscle tissue; Nervous system: overview of the nervous system in animals (reticular, ladder, centralization, central and peripheral nervous system), nervous tissue: neurons, neuroglia, nerve fibers and myelination, impulse transmission, synapse;
11) Sensory system: sensory and supporting cells, senses in protozoa and multicellular animals, exoreceptors, proprioreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors; Respiratory system: anaerobic and aerobic respiration, respiration using: body surface, gills (external and internal), trachea, lungs (development of lungs), breathing of birds;
12) Circulatory system: role, body fluids: hydrolymph, coelomic fluid, haemolymph, blood and lymph, respiratory pigments, open and closed circulatory system, small and large circulatory system, blood-vascular and lymphatic system; Digestive system: autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms, divisions according to the type and size of food, methods of food intake, digestion: intracellular and extracellular, forms of the digestive system in animals, incomplete and complete digestive system;
13) Excretory or excretory system: ammoniotelic, ureotelic and uricotelic animals, forms of the excretory system: body surface, contractile vesicles, forms and mode of operation of nephridia, antennal, maxillary and coxal glands, Malpighian tubules, renal system: first, second and third kidney, nephron;
14) Reproductive system: asexual reproduction (binary and multiple division, plasmotomy, budding), regeneration, autotomy; sexual reproduction (forms of sexual reproduction, structure of reproductive organs, gonochoristic and hermaphrodite animals, external and internal fertilization, parthenogenesis, forms of the reproductive system in animals, spermatophores, egg types, embryonic and postembryonic development, change of generations, animal reproduction and sex determination);
15) Hormonal or endocrine system: hormones, neurohormones and glandular hormones, hormonal activity of invertebrates and vertebrates.
EXERCISES
1) Microscope and microscopy;
2) Promorphology;
3) Skin (integument) system;
4) Skeletal (support) system;
5) Muscular system;
6) Nervous system;
7) Sensory (receptor) system;
8) Digestive system;
9) Respiratory system;
10) Circulating system;
11) Excretory system;
12) Reproductive system;
13) Embryonic and postembryonic development.
The exercises that will take place within the course will be based on organisms that are easily accessible to students (future teachers).
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