1. komponenta

Lecture type	Total
Lectures	30
Practicum	15

* Load is given in academic hour (1 academic hour = 45 minutes)

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
The aim of the course Genetics is to learn basic rules of inheritance in cells, individuals and populations; to understand the molecular mechanisms by which genes control growth, development and appearance of an organism.

COURSE CONTENT:
LECTURES
1) Science of genetics: basic concept; areas of genetics, genetic discoveries. Mendelism and Chromosomal Theory; laws of inheritance. Genotype and phenotype. Test-cross. Recombination at the phenotype level. Model organisms in classical genetics;
2) Gene interactions and modifications of phenotypic ratios F2 generations of mono and dihybrid crosses. Alleles Interactions - one gene: complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance. Lethal alleles;
3) Pleiotropic effects. Alleles interactions: different gene: epistasis - dominant and recessive. Penetrability and expressivity of the gene. Influence of the environment on the gene expression;
4) Multiple alleles - examples: blood groups in human - ABO, MN; fur colour in rabbits; incompatibility in plants;
5) Linkage - complete and incomplete. Frequency of recombination and mapping. Dihybrid and trihybrid test-cross and chromosomal mapping in fruit fly. Linkage map or gene map and cytological or physical map;
6) Genetics of sex. Sex chromosomes. X-linked genes, Y-linked genes. Sex determination. X-linked inheritance in fruit fly and human. Molecular basis of sex determination in mammals;
7) Regulation of expression of X-linked genes and differences in gene doses between sex - fruit fly and mammals. X-chromosome inactivation by heterochromatinization: Barr body in mammal's females according to Mary Lyons theory;
8) Chromosomes number changes. Classification and identification of chromosomes; banding techniques, karyotype. Polyploidy, allopolyploidy and aneuploidy - mechanisms and consequences. Polyploidy in plants. Aneuploidy in human. The significance for evolution;
9) Chromosomal aberrations: structural changes. Chromosome and chromatid breakages. Mechanisms and their consequences, significance for evolution;
10) Mutations. Types and mechanisms, mutation frequency, detection - Ames test. DNA repair. Spontaneous and induced mutations, physical and chemical mutagens. Gene mutations and diseases in humans;
11) Genetics of microorganisms; genetic recombination and mechanisms in bacteria: transformation, conjugation and transduction; mapping of bacterial genes. Genetics of viruses. Life cycles of bacteriophages. Genetic recombination: general and special transduction. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes: transcriptional control - Lac-operon (inducible system) and Trp-operon (repressible system);
12) Eukaryotic chromosome; heterogeneity of eukaryotic DNA: unique DNA, repetitive DNA, structural areas of chromosome (centromere and telomeres). Genome, structure and C-value paradox. Eukaryotic gene - structure;
13) Epigenetics - introduction; epigenetic modifications and inheritance, genome imprinting, aberrant epigenetic modifications and carcinoma in human;
14) Non-Mendelian genetics, cytoplasmic inheritance, maternal inheritance (chloroplasts, mitochondria). Maternal effect (snail coiling, pigmentation). Infective agents (kappa). Plasmids;
15) Population genetics. Gene pool, frequency of alleles and genotypes in population, Hardy-Weinberg law.

EXERCISES
1) Laws of inheritance;
2) Linkage in eukaryotes;
3) Fruit fly;
4) Multiple alleles;
5) Sex-linkage;
6) Genetics of microorganisms;
7) Cytogenetics;
8) Human karyotype;
9) Cytoplasmic inheritance;
10) Population genetics.

Exercises include practical laboratory work and microscope analysis in some topics with developing competences for solving and analysing genetic problems.

1. Web udžbenik Genetika, M. Pavlica, web udžbenik Genetika (https://www.genetika.biol.pmf.hr/, 2022.), M. Pavlica, https://www.genetika.biol.pmf.hr/, 2022.
2. Concepts of Genetics, W. S. Klug i sur., Concepts of Genetics (Pearson, Boston, 2020.), W. S. Klug i sur., Pearson, Boston, 2020.
3. Genetics: Analysis & Principles, R. J. Brooker, Genetics: Analysis & Principles (McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, 2018.), R. J. Brooker, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, 2018.
4. Principles of genetics, R. H. Tamarin, Principles of genetics (WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1999.), R. H. Tamarin, WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1999.
5. Genetics - from genes to genomes, L. Hartwell i sur., Genetics - from genes to genomes (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2004.), L. Hartwell i sur., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2004.

Mandatory course - Regular study - Biology and Chemistry Education