1. komponenta

Lecture type	Total
Lectures	45
Practicum	45

* Load is given in academic hour (1 academic hour = 45 minutes)

COURSE OBJECTIVE:
Objective of the course is to enable students to understand the basic mechanisms of animal functions at the cellular and systemic levels.

COURSE CONTENT:
The course introduces basics of animal physiology on both, cellular and systemic levels

CLASSES:
1. Introduction to physiology (history, subdisciplines, levels and methods)
2. Physiology of the cell (biomacromolecules, metabolism)
3. Physiology of membranes (structure, transport, electrical properties)
4. Communication among cells and tissues (neurotransmitters and hormones as signal molecules in preservation of homeostasis)
5. Nervous system (evolution, structural and functional organization)
6. Endocrine system (hypothalamus-pituitary axis; hormones that regulate growth and metabolism; hormones that regulate glucose metabolism; hormones that regulate water and ionic balance; reproductive hormones)
7. Muscles (structure, contraction mechanisms)
8. Blood (composition and function of blood, hemostasis)
9. The immune system
10. Heart (structure, electrical activity, mechanics, control)
11. Circulation (blood vessels, blood preassure)
12. Respiration (structure of respirator system, mechanics of respiration, gass exchange and transport; conrol )
13. Digestion (structure and function of digestive system)
14. Kidney (structure, function, processes)

LABORATORY EXERCISES:
1. Laboratory animals (mice, rats, frogs). Animal handling Animal maintenance. Inbred strains. Substance application, anesthesia, analgesia. Animal welfare law
2. Membrane transport (simulation). Diffusion in agar. Red blood cell in solutions of various tonicity.
3. Blood cell counting. Preparation of leukocyte differential.
4. Analysis of leukocyte differential. Types of blood cells in vertebrates and avertebrates.
5. Hematocrit. Sedimentation. Serum and plasma. Demonstration of fibrinogene according to Howe. Bleeding time and aggregation time.
6. Breeding (simulation). Donders lung model. Qualitative demonstration of CO2 in expirational and inspirational air. Lung volume and capacity, static spirometry (Biopac)
7. Kidneys (simulation). Buffer characteristics of serum and plasma. Acid-base equilibrium (simulation)
8. Nerve impulse (simulation). Neuromuscular synapse. Application of a narcotic substance prevents the conduction of a nerve impulse. Muscles (simulation)
9. Miographic curve. Contractions of cooled and warmed muscle. Correlation between the extent of muscular contraction and intensity of stimulus. Impulse summation.
10. Heart (simulation). Contractions of an isolated heart. Demonstration of All-or-nothing law on a frog heart. The effects of temperature changes on a heartbeat. The effect of potassium and calcium ions on a hearbeat. The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves on a heartbeat. Stannius's ligatures. Early systole.
11. EKG (Biopac)
12. Digestion (simulation); Insulin and diabetes (simulation)

1. Essentials of Physiology, 4th edition, Organized around the central theme of homeostasis, the textbook provides clear, current, and concise coverage of physiology., Lauralee Sherwood, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, Singapore, 2012.
2. Human Physiology, 4th edition, Rhoades R, Pflanzer R, Thomson Learning, Inc. Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, USA, 2003.
3. Principles of Animal Physiology, 2nd edition, Moyes CD, Schulte PM, Pearson Education, Harlow, England, 2014.

Mandatory course - Regular study - Environmental Sciences