COURSE OBJECTIVES
The Animal Physiology course aims to introduce students to fundamental physiological principles. Special emphasis will be placed on integrative principles of physiology (from molecules to organisms) and fundamental physiological mechanisms and adaptations in humans and animals.
COURSE CONTENT:
The course will take the form of lectures and practical exercises.LECTURES
1. Definition and brief historical development of physiology. Homeostasis. Based control and feedback mechanisms. The fundamental physical and chemical processes in cells and tissues. Metabolism in cells and tissues.
2. Transportation mechanisms in cells and tissues. Physiology of membrane structure. The formation and significance of the electrical gradient, bioelectricity, and membrane potential.
3. Generation of action potentials and signals on membrane structures. Physiology of animal organ systems and integrative physiology.
4. Communication within and between neurons. Signal transmission. General physiological properties of the senses. The chemical senses. Mechanical senses. Temperature sensor. Vision.
5. The flow of information through the nervous system. The organization of the nervous system. The autonomic nervous system; Central integrative systems
6. Cell secretion. Secretory mechanisms. Glands with external and internal secretion.
7. Hypothalamic control. Neurohormones. Cellular mechanisms of action of hormones. Physiological effects of hormones. Hormones invertebrates. Glands with external secretion.
8. Basics of muscle contraction. Mechanics and regulation of muscle contraction. Energy muscle contraction. Adaptations muscle. Nerve control of muscle contraction.
9. Physiology of smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle.
10. Hematology. The mechanisms of blood coagulation. Regulation of tissue oxygenation.
11. Defense of the organism and the immune response
12. General circulation system. Physiology of the heart. Hemodynamics. Peripheral circulation. Regulation of circulation. Oxygen and carbon dioxide in the animal organ systems. Regulation of pH. The lungs and gills. Regulation of gas exchange.
13. Physiology of vertebrates' kidney. Nonrenal osmoregulatory mechanisms in vertebrates.
14. Physiology of digestion. Basal and with standard metabolic rate. The ratio of biometric parameters and metabolic rate.
15. Reproductive physiology, Pregnancy, fetal development, and lactation
EXERCISES
1. Nervous impulse. Neuromuscular transmission. Termination of impulse conduction through the anesthetized nerve. Du Bois - Raymond's rule.
2. Muscles. Isotonic and isometric contractions. Myographic curve. Contraction of chilled and heated muscles. Isotonic and isometric contractions.
3. Impact loads on the muscle strength of contraction. Summation of impulses. Dependence of muscle contraction on the strength of the stimulus.
4. Heart. The law of "all or nothing" on the frog heart. Premature systole. Centers Automation heart - Stannius ligatures. The contraction of the isolated heart. The influence of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on the heart. Effect of calcium and potassium ions on the heart. The effect of reduced temperature on the heart.
5. Laboratory animals (mice, rats, frogs). Handling animals. Maintenance of the animals. Animal strains.
6. Techniques for administering substances, anesthesia, and analgesia to animals. The Animal Welfare Act.
7. Transfer of substances through the cell membrane. Behavior of erythrocytes in solutions with different osmotic pressures. Osmotic resistance of erythrocytes. Diffusion of color in the agar.
8. Counting blood cells. Preparation of differential cell count (DCC). Paint DCCs.
9. Types of blood cells - vertebrates and invertebrates comparison.
10. Overview DCC. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Hematocrit. Determination of hemoglobin per Sahly. Teichman's crystals.
11. Preparation of serum and plasma. Detection of fibrinogen by Howe. Detection of proteins in serum. Bleeding time. Clotting time. Calculating haematological indices
12. Breathing. Pneumogram. Intrapleural pressure. Donders' lung model.
13. Static and dynamic spirometry.
14. Kidneys. Acid-base balance. Buffering properties of serum and plasma.
15. Blood pressure. ECG.
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